Air, Water, and Soil Microbiomes as Catalysts for Smart Agriculture, Urban Ecosystem Revitalization, Climate Adaptation, and Public Health Advancements

The interconnected challenges of food security, urban sustainability, climate change, and public health demand innovative and integrative solutions. Microbiomes—communities of microorganisms in air, water, and soil—hold transformative potential in addressing these issues. This review explores how microbiomes act as catalysts for sustainable development in smart agriculture, urban ecosystem revitalization, climate adaptation, and public health advancements. Soil microbiomes enhance nutrient cycling, improve crop resilience, and promote sustainable farming practices, while air and water microbiomes contribute to pollution mitigation, pathogen suppression, and water resource sustainability. In urban settings, microbiomes support green infrastructure, bioremediation, and waste recycling, fostering healthier and more resilient cities. Furthermore, their role in carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas reduction, and disease prevention highlights their critical contributions to climate adaptation and public health. This review synthesizes recent advances, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes future directions for harnessing microbiomes as pivotal tools for global sustainability. The findings emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and policy support to maximize the benefits of microbiomes in addressing 21st-century challenges.