Optimizing Thermal Management in Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Smart HVAC Systems and Sustainable Building Energy Solutions

Hydrogen fuel cells offer a promising solution for sustainable energy generation in smart HVAC systems and building energy management, but their efficiency is constrained by thermal imbalances and heat dissipation challenges. This review explores advanced thermal management strategies to optimize the performance of hydrogen fuel cells within smart HVAC systems, ensuring enhanced energy efficiency, prolonged operational lifespan, and minimal thermal degradation. Key focus areas include phase change materials (PCMs), microchannel heat exchangers, and advanced cooling techniques such as liquid cooling loops and heat pipe technology to regulate temperature fluctuations in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Furthermore, the integration of predictive thermal modeling and AI-driven control algorithms for real-time heat distribution optimization is examined to enhance adaptive cooling and load balancing in sustainable building environments. This paper also evaluates waste heat recovery mechanisms, including thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and absorption cooling cycles, for repurposing excess thermal energy into auxiliary heating and ventilation functions, thereby increasing overall system efficiency. The role of nanofluids and high-performance thermal interface materials (TIMs) in improving heat dissipation and reducing thermal resistance at the fuel cell-electrode interface is also discussed. Comparative case studies highlight the practical implementation of optimized thermal management strategies in commercial and residential smart buildings, showcasing the impact on energy savings, carbon footprint reduction, and system longevity. Additionally, regulatory frameworks and sustainability metrics such as LEED and BREEAM standards are analyzed to assess compliance with global energy efficiency mandates. By addressing the critical thermal constraints of hydrogen fuel cells, this review underscores their viability as a cornerstone technology for next-generation HVAC systems and sustainable building energy solutions.